Humans can live for three weeks without food and three days without water—but only three minutes without air. Yet we simply take our air for granted. It’s always there. It’s everywhere. The air pollution that we breathe has changed a great deal over the centuries. It is largely invisible to us but it is having a significant impact on our health and the health of our children.
More than 90 percent of the world’s population is exposed to air pollution concentrations that exceed World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Globally, four and a half million people died prematurely from particle and ozone pollution in 2015.1 So why don’t we understand air pollution better? And how have we allowed it to build to the crisis we find today?
The face of air pollution has changed. Modern air pollution does not look like the thick black industrial smoke from the past. London’s international reputation as the world’s most polluted city, beset with pea-souper smog, has been passed to Beijing. We are all familiar with images of Beijing’s Bird’s Nest Olympic stadium and the Forbidden City shrouded in haze and the city’s residents wearing protective masks. Despite this coverage in the news, Beijing does not head the WHO list of the world’s most polluted cities. It was 56th in 2016 and dropped to 187th in 2017. Of the worst fifty, the vast majority are in Asia: twenty-four cities are in India, eight are in China, three in Iran and three in Pakistan. Six of the worst fifty are in the Middle East, including four in Saudi Arabia. At the other end of the scale we find small towns in Iceland, Canada, the United States and Scandinavia are some of the cleanest. There are some large cities near the bottom of the list too; including Vancouver and Stockholm, showing that air pollution is not an inevitable part of city life.
As an air pollution scientist at King’s College London, my research has focused on the sources of urban air pollution and how these affect people’s health. I still lead the London Air Quality Network, the largest urban network in Europe. Over the last twenty-five years I have tracked changes in the air that Londoners breathe, given evidence to the government and worked alongside health researchers and air pollution scientists from around the world. I have measured how London’s industrial pollution and problems with gasoline cars have been replaced by diesel car pollution and home wood-burning. Around the world many people look to London’s low emission zone as an example of action to control the problem, but if it is so effective then why are Londoners still suffering from poor air? Writing this book has allowed me to explore the real, global problem of air pollution. Expanding beyond my London base I will take you from Paris and Los Angeles to India and New Zealand in a bid to understand modern air pollution. The smog in London and Los Angeles, Scandinavian forest dieback, the Volkswagen scandal and the recent pollution problems across Southeast Asia have all prompted steps to clean our air. We will be exploring the impact that air pollution has on our health; the complex shifting political agenda of air pollution control; the tension between public health and government regulation; and the negative impact of the simple, yet crucial, denial of the problem in the first place. There are huge injustices at the heart of the air pollution problem. By using our air to dispose of their waste, polluters are destroying a shared resource and avoiding the full cost of their actions. They leave all of us who breathe poor air to pay the price through our health and taxes.
So what do we mean by “air pollution”? Images may instantly spring to mind, such as billowing smoke from car exhaust and chimney stacks. Air pollution comes from many sources, some well-known, such as traffic, industry and coal-burning and some lesser known, including agriculture, wood-burning and volcanoes. Common pollution problems arise from the use of fossil fuels, the pollutants that form in the air around us and natural sources too. At the same time there is huge diversity in the nature of air pollution from place to place depending on the weather, where the air has been before and local controls on the way in which we use our air as a waste disposal route.
You will not need a degree in chemistry or physics to understand this book. It is all about the connection between the everyday pollution sources that we see around us, the air that we breathe and the harm that it does to our health. I will be talking a lot about particle pollution: tiny particles that can be inhaled deep into our lungs. This includes soot from coal-burning and diesel exhaust as well as particles that form in the air from other pollutants. Some pollutants are gases. These include nitrogen dioxide, which is the pollutant at the focus of Europe’s diesel exhaust problems, and sulfur dioxide from burning sulfur-rich oil and coal. Ozone will feature in this book too. This gas is better known from the problems of the ozone hole above the north and south poles, but when it forms at ground level it is very damaging to our lungs and affects our food crops too.
Scientists have been investigating the impacts of air pollution since medieval times. Increasingly, we tend to focus on the latest discoveries and findings. The lessons from the past are often forgotten but many of them have huge relevance to the challenges that we face today. I am continually impressed by the insights of scientists who were working with hand-pumped samplers and homemade glassware in their laboratories and calculating their results with slide rules. This book will revisit some of these old investigations and discoveries and tell the stories of the people who made them.
Yet when it comes to the disastrous effects of air pollution on human health, it seems astonishing that insight was sorely lacking for many centuries. This might seem incredible, but it was not until the 1950s that the harm from air pollution was recognized. We are still learning. In 2016, the Royal College of Physicians drew together the latest research to show how the lifelong impacts from air pollution start in the womb and go on to damage children’s lungs and shorten adult’s lives.
There are many calls for action but fewer examples of positive outcomes in the battle for clean air. Some plans have not worked as well as hoped and many have created new problems. Air pollution is a global challenge that still needs to be tackled alongside climate change and the creation of healthy cities in which to live.
This book starts in medieval London. We will follow the evolution of the way in which we understand the air around us and the warning signs that were ignored. In the 1950s, the deaths of around 12,000 people in the London smog and the eye-stinging Los Angeles air finally brought about concerted actions to control air pollution, which we will explore in the book. We will then focus on the challenges that we face today to ensure that our air is fit to breathe.
Join me on a journey from the smog of the past and present to the hopefully cleaner air of the future.
Humans can live for three weeks without food and three days without water—but only three minutes without air. Yet we simply take our air for granted. It’s always there. It’s everywhere. The air pollution that we breathe has changed a great deal over the centuries. It is largely invisible to us but it is having a significant impact on our health and the health of our children.
More than 90 percent of the world’s population is exposed to air pollution concentrations that exceed World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Globally, four and a half million people died prematurely from particle and ozone pollution in 2015.1 So why don’t we understand air pollution better? And how have we allowed it to build to the crisis we find today?
The face of air pollution has changed. Modern air pollution does not look like the thick black industrial smoke from the past. London’s international reputation as the world’s most polluted city, beset with pea-souper smog, has been passed to Beijing. We are all familiar with images of Beijing’s Bird’s Nest Olympic stadium and the Forbidden City shrouded in haze and the city’s residents wearing protective masks. Despite this coverage in the news, Beijing does not head the WHO list of the world’s most polluted cities. It was 56th in 2016 and dropped to 187th in 2017. Of the worst fifty, the vast majority are in Asia: twenty-four cities are in India, eight are in China, three in Iran and three in Pakistan. Six of the worst fifty are in the Middle East, including four in Saudi Arabia. At the other end of the scale we find small towns in Iceland, Canada, the United States and Scandinavia are some of the cleanest. There are some large cities near the bottom of the list too; including Vancouver and Stockholm, showing that air pollution is not an inevitable part of city life.
As an air pollution scientist at King’s College London, my research has focused on the sources of urban air pollution and how these affect people’s health. I still lead the London Air Quality Network, the largest urban network in Europe. Over the last twenty-five years I have tracked changes in the air that Londoners breathe, given evidence to the government and worked alongside health researchers and air pollution scientists from around the world. I have measured how London’s industrial pollution and problems with gasoline cars have been replaced by diesel car pollution and home wood-burning. Around the world many people look to London’s low emission zone as an example of action to control the problem, but if it is so effective then why are Londoners still suffering from poor air? Writing this book has allowed me to explore the real, global problem of air pollution. Expanding beyond my London base I will take you from Paris and Los Angeles to India and New Zealand in a bid to understand modern air pollution. The smog in London and Los Angeles, Scandinavian forest dieback, the Volkswagen scandal and the recent pollution problems across Southeast Asia have all prompted steps to clean our air. We will be exploring the impact that air pollution has on our health; the complex shifting political agenda of air pollution control; the tension between public health and government regulation; and the negative impact of the simple, yet crucial, denial of the problem in the first place. There are huge injustices at the heart of the air pollution problem. By using our air to dispose of their waste, polluters are destroying a shared resource and avoiding the full cost of their actions. They leave all of us who breathe poor air to pay the price through our health and taxes.
So what do we mean by “air pollution”? Images may instantly spring to mind, such as billowing smoke from car exhaust and chimney stacks. Air pollution comes from many sources, some well-known, such as traffic, industry and coal-burning and some lesser known, including agriculture, wood-burning and volcanoes. Common pollution problems arise from the use of fossil fuels, the pollutants that form in the air around us and natural sources too. At the same time there is huge diversity in the nature of air pollution from place to place depending on the weather, where the air has been before and local controls on the way in which we use our air as a waste disposal route.
You will not need a degree in chemistry or physics to understand this book. It is all about the connection between the everyday pollution sources that we see around us, the air that we breathe and the harm that it does to our health. I will be talking a lot about particle pollution: tiny particles that can be inhaled deep into our lungs. This includes soot from coal-burning and diesel exhaust as well as particles that form in the air from other pollutants. Some pollutants are gases. These include nitrogen dioxide, which is the pollutant at the focus of Europe’s diesel exhaust problems, and sulfur dioxide from burning sulfur-rich oil and coal. Ozone will feature in this book too. This gas is better known from the problems of the ozone hole above the north and south poles, but when it forms at ground level it is very damaging to our lungs and affects our food crops too.
Scientists have been investigating the impacts of air pollution since medieval times. Increasingly, we tend to focus on the latest discoveries and findings. The lessons from the past are often forgotten but many of them have huge relevance to the challenges that we face today. I am continually impressed by the insights of scientists who were working with hand-pumped samplers and homemade glassware in their laboratories and calculating their results with slide rules. This book will revisit some of these old investigations and discoveries and tell the stories of the people who made them.
Yet when it comes to the disastrous effects of air pollution on human health, it seems astonishing that insight was sorely lacking for many centuries. This might seem incredible, but it was not until the 1950s that the harm from air pollution was recognized. We are still learning. In 2016, the Royal College of Physicians drew together the latest research to show how the lifelong impacts from air pollution start in the womb and go on to damage children’s lungs and shorten adult’s lives.
There are many calls for action but fewer examples of positive outcomes in the battle for clean air. Some plans have not worked as well as hoped and many have created new problems. Air pollution is a global challenge that still needs to be tackled alongside climate change and the creation of healthy cities in which to live.
This book starts in medieval London. We will follow the evolution of the way in which we understand the air around us and the warning signs that were ignored. In the 1950s, the deaths of around 12,000 people in the London smog and the eye-stinging Los Angeles air finally brought about concerted actions to control air pollution, which we will explore in the book. We will then focus on the challenges that we face today to ensure that our air is fit to breathe.
Join me on a journey from the smog of the past and present to the hopefully cleaner air of the future.
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